A Critical Analysis Of Itc Distribution Channel Marketing Essay

A Critical Analysis Of Itc Distribution Channel Marketing Essay Unique Distribution channel is having a significant job in situating of the item since we realize that dissemination channel is instrument by which we can make arrive at our item to the last shoppers. That’s why choosing a conveyance channel is a significant part of building an upper hand for organizations of each size. Conveyance channels incorporate your own immediate deals power, retailers, merchants and the Internet. The correct appropriation divert guarantees that clients in various areas around the nation, or around the globe, can purchase your items and get the correct degree of administration from your organization. To choose the correct dissemination channel for your business, you have to think about what as a channel can offer, including area and reach, abilities and assets, the board expenses and level of control. This is a venture to examine, break down and report the dissemination channel of the FMCG monster ITC. The undertaking would take help of different wellsp rings of auxiliary information about the association; it’s working as far as dissemination channels it utilizes and the administration of these directs so as to remain serious and universal against rivalry. For that we have explored the association and its product offerings on a large scale level and basic examination of conveyance channel for a particular product offering. In that manner we would have the option to determine what are quality and shortcomings of the given circulations channel. We have additionally drawn out specific likenesses and complexities among ITC’s and different FMCG’s circulations channel to assist us with including a few suggestions toward the finish of the report on how the capability of the dispersion channel and its productivity can be improved. Substance Introduction †ITC was joined on August 24, 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited. As the Company’s possession continuously Indianised, the name o f the Company was changed from Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited to India Tobacco Company Limited in 1970 and afterward to I.T.C. Constrained in 1974. In acknowledgment of the Company’s multi-business portfolio incorporating a wide scope of organizations †Fast Moving Consumer Goods including Foods, Personal Care, Cigarettes and Cigars, Branded Apparel, Education and Stationery Products, Incense Sticks and Safety Matches, Hotels, Paperboards and Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agri-Business and Information Technology †the full stops in the Company’s name were evacuated viable September 18, 2001. The Company currently stands rechristened ‘ITC Limited’. In spite of the fact that the initial six many years of the Company’s presence were basically dedicated to the development and combination of the Cigarettes and Leaf Tobacco organizations, the Seventies saw the beginnings of a corporate change that would introduce groundbreaking changes i n the life of the Company. Key tourist spots in history of ITC constrained 1925 †Packaging and Printing Business was set up as a key in reverse joining for ITC’s Cigarettes business 1975 - Launch of Hotels business with the securing of a lodging in Chennai which was rechristened ‘ITC-Welcomgroup Hotel Chola’ 1979 †ITC entered the Paperboards businessâ by advancing ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Limited 1985 †Surya Tobacco Co. set up in Nepal as an Indo-Nepal and British joint endeavor.

Construction Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Development Law - Essay Example Additionally, the way wherein the work is overseen on location with sufficient arrangements for keeping up wellbeing at statures or when managing overwhelming or perilous substances, is to a great extent the duty of the flexibly side of development administrations. Development work includes fabricating, remodeling or fixing structures, both for private and business purposes. Development presents dangers to laborers in the perils that exist on the site, particularly where tear-downs or remodels are being completed. The utilization of blemished materials or insufficient usage of security gauges on building destinations could additionally exasperate the issue, particularly if originators have made tall structures and building structures that are confused to execute during the development procedure. Development likewise presents dangers to laborers by method of sick wellbeing emerging out of hard physical work or being squashed or injured using overwhelming structure materials. There is expanded extension for mishaps that could emerge on such locales, particularly since laborers might be unconscious of dangers. The development business to a great extent utilizes untalented, male workers who are not taught enough to precisely check chances that could emerge in building destinations, consequently presenting dangers to their wellbeing and prosperity. Also, since workers are to a great extent fleeting, legally binding work, businesses may not will undoubtedly furnish them with all the advantages that are spread out in work, including the privilege against uncalled for excusal and the arrangement of wellbeing and health advantages. Current laws additionally don't make satisfactory arrangement for uncommon working conditions, for example, atypical agreements where a laborer might be recruited as and when required and subsequently thinks that its hard to demonstrate progression of administration for reasons for claims against out of line dismissal.2 Additionally, in situations where a laborer might be recruited by a business/customer utilizing the middle person administrations of an office, such

Global Implications for Your Profession Fashion Industry Assignment

Worldwide Implications for Your Profession Fashion Industry - Assignment Example The paper Worldwide Implications for Your Profession Fashion Industry breaks down Implications of the Corporate Power Global Trends to the Fashion Industry. Thusly, worldwide culture, world economy, and individual ways of life consistently take on new shapes aws the world opens up to exchange. The style business is among the numerous regions that have encountered these emotional changes as corporate organizations contend to deliver and advertise new designs and apparel to fulfill the needs of worldwide clients. Corporate force has significantly affected the design business as far as assortment inside areas, consistency across outskirts, natural, and work concerns.As corporate associations advertize their design merchandise in magazines, films, and other media channels, a worldwide style advances every so often across various societies and fringes (Rabine para 2). For instance, athletic shoes, T-shirts, Levis, and baseball tops discover their way to the remotest towns in Africa. Afric an, Asian, and Western style duplicate each other in planning their attire. Pretty much every huge shopping center the world over is presently lodging all the styles. Each shopper can make certain to get their taste paying little heed to sexual orientation, age, ethnicity, subculture, and calling. Rabine says that clients in commanding Western nations have come to see globalization as a bounty of styles that monster retailers sell. The retailers update stock and direct transnational exchanges at the snap of a catch or a key.

A Background to Firms in the ACE Market - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND OF STUDY Introduction Rights issue is a universal and widespread approach used by firms in various countries to generate new capital. From the past evidence, for example in London, there was  £1 to  £1.5 billion has been raised through rights issues each year in London Stock Exchange (Marsh, 1979). Recently, the rights issue has also been used as a tool for a company to boost new capital. For instance, one of the Finnish Miner Taivivaaraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest companies was using rights issue to raise 260 million Euros capital in the largest city of Finland, Helsinki to keep its nickel mine running (Reuters, 2013). Similarly in Malaysia, statistically about RM14.9 billion equity capitals was raised via announcing rights issues in Bursa Malaysia (Shamsher and Annuar, 1993). Besides that, Malaysian Airline System Bhd (MAS) has also announced rights issue to raise new capital and finally brought a higher capital of RM 3.07 billion to the company (The star, 2013). As a result, rights issue is one of the important considerations for a company to be competitive in the investment markets. Furthermore, the firms in ACE market are normally small and medium-sized enterprises. Thus they require an avenue to raise new capital so that they can survive and continue to grow. Instead of raising new capital through loans from financial institutions or commercial banks that will boost their liability, issuing rights issues announcement has become their ultimate choices. For instance, EA Holdings Bhd (EAH), which is one of the firms in ACE market, was proposed to issue rights to raise a new capital total RM63.6 million with RM30 million to finance suitable and viable profitable investment, RM28.3 million for working capital and RM4.5million for reducing liability (Free Malaysia Today, 2014). Therefore, there is a need to investigate stock price reaction on rights issues in ACE market due to concerning of firms in generating new capital. Definition of ACE Market ACE Market is a secondary stock market in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) which is also known as Bursa Malaysia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ACEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is standing for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Access, Certainty and Efficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, a revamp of the older Mesdaq Market that was launched in year 1997. This evolution of secondary stock market approach was made in August 2009. Although ACE Market is define as a new version of Mesdaq Market, ACE market is different from Mesdaq Market as it involves sponsor-driven and open to companies of all sectors and item emphasises disclosure and efficiency compared with Mesdaq (The Star, 2009). According to Bursa Malaysia, mode of listing for companies in ACE market got no minimum operating track record or profit requirement. However, companies with smaller scale of capital that is less than RM6 million profits after tax for the most recent three to five full financial years are not qualified to be listed in the main market and so will be lis ted in secondary market. Nowadays, according to Bursa Malaysia, there are a total number of 109 companies were listed in ACE Market from year 2006 to the beginning of current year 2014. ACE Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main objective is to allow local and foreign corporations of all sectors to access the capital market under a sponsor-driven framework. This evolution framework will increase efficiency and competitiveness in the stock market while protecting investors concurrently. Definition of Stock Price In general, stock price is referred to the price of stock as quoted on an exchange in stock market. Stock price can be quoted as bid and ask price and last traded or terminal price. Any information in stock price is publicity. Everyone can search for the latest stock price through online or other path without any disturbance. In financial aspect, stock price is the cost for the single share in the company. Since the abnormal return or gain cannot be observed directly, the market stock prices will be use as a component to calculate abnormal return gain or lose in the market around the period of announcing rights issues. 1.4Rights Issues 1.4.1Definition of Rights Issues Rights issue is an offer of new shares by a listed firm to its existing shareholders at a discount price and with the pre-emptive rights to subscribe to new shares in a pro-rata basis (Malhotra et al., 2007). The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is refers to the fact that existing shareholder h as the rights of first refusal before the new shares are offered to the public. The subscription price for the new shares based on the rights is below the market prices of the existing shares or the price offered to the public (Shahid et al., 2010). The pre-emptive right is given to the existing shareholders the entitlement to subscribe a new share issued by a firm at the announcement date. The shareholder who holds the pre-emptive rights can decide to subscribe or sell their rights to the public if they forgo the chance to own the new share. However, they are encouraged only to subscribe the new shares in proportion to the number of shares they already owned (Annuar and Shamsher, 1993). In this study, the focus is on rights issues as the impact of rights issues on stock prices is important for most of the listed firms in ACE market. 1.4.2Importance of Rights Issues Besides from aiding the firm to raise new capital, rights issues can benefit the shareholders in three way s. First is to enhance the future stock prices, second is to provide alert shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ chances to gain abnormal returns and lastly is to avoid dilution of ownership. Rights issues play a vital role in determining the future stock prices based on shareholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assessment. According to Annuar and Shamsher (1993), existing shareholder have the potential to evaluate the future stock price as they have the rights to decide either to buy or sell the rights. If they are firmly convinced that the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prospect is bright and benefit is guaranteed from the share, they will invest more in the firm via purchasing all of the pro-rata offerings. This will upgrade the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goodwill and thus bid up the share prices. In contrast, if they perceived the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prospect is undesirable such as expected return is not achieved, majority of them will let off their pre-emptive rights to purchase the new shares. Hence, this will bring negative impact to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share price. Furthermore, rights issue announcement provide alert investor an opportunity to earn abnormal return when the market is not efficient. The inefficient market provide a means of market prices do not reflects all available information and knowledge of historical prices cannot be used to predict future prices. Thus, if rights issue is perceived as favourable news, investor can use the privately-owned information to outperform the market. This can be proved from the statement of Dawson (1985) which stated that an investor can produce excess return if they have identified information that is not reflected in security prices. Besides from the benefits of gaining abnormal returns, shareholders can prevent the dilution of their ownership towards the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital when issuing new stocks. The company will offers existing shareholder the pre-emptive rights to subscribe a given number of shares based on pro-rata basis and at a specified subscription price that is less than the offered price in market. Thus, the existing shareholders proportionate ownership of the company will remain fixed and unchanged by purchasing the new stocks via discounted prices. This can be proved by the statement of Shahid, Xia, Mahmood, and Usman (2010), which stated that rights issues enables existing shareholders to safeguard their proportionate ownership in the company. 1.4.3The Issue of Pre-emptive Rights to be Concern Minority shareholder is the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity holder who own below fifty percent ownership of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity capital. Thus they do not have the authority to control the votes. However, they can rely on the pre-emptive right given by the firm to protect them from possible abuse by controlling shareholders through subsequent issuance of voting and sharing stock to the public. Some of the existing shareholde r would forgo the rights to subscribe new shares and give outsiders the chances to invest in the firm equity. This would thus change the voting percentage own by equity holders. This is because the chance for each shareholder to monopoly the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital would be lesser if there is more equity holder to share one piece of pie. Although issuing rights can protect minority shareholders, such subsequent stock issuance could impair the position of older shareholders. According to Dolley (1934), the voting control of each old shareholder would be diminishing proportionately if the new stock issued were voting stock. The firm may have variety classes of common share and the share with superior voting power is classified as voting stock. If the older shareholders holding a lower voting class of common stocks, their ownership percentage will be reduced via subsequent issuance of voting stock to outsiders. Therefore, existing shareholders should make a deep consideratio n on deciding whether to subscribe or sell the new shares to public. 1.4.4The Regulatory Framework of Announcing Rights Issues in Malaysia According to Sukor and Bacha (2010), every firm that wants to undertake a rights issue must meet some basic requirements steps. Firstly, the firm must get approval from it firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s existing shareholders through an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) before seeking approval from Securities Commission (SC). Secondly, all the issues must be underwritten by a merchant banker. Therefore the firm should appoint a highly reliable banker to act as advisor to carry on the regulated activity of advising corporate finance and prepare prospectus. Besides documented preparation, the responsibility of an underwriter is to take up any issues not fully subscribed by existing shareholders and publics if announced. According to Salamudin, Ariff, and Annuar (1999), an underwritten is responsible in advising the firms the appropriate number o f share to be issued, suggested offer prices by considering the net tangible assets of the firm, proceed from the projected; and lastly determining the time to issue rights by considering the prevailing market conditions. The following step is to inform Bursa Malaysia the four important dates, thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the intended date of public announcement, the ex-date, the Book Closing Date( BCD) and the closing date for receipt of applications for and acceptance of the rights. Meanwhile, the firm must ensure that the interval between these dates is conforming to Bursaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements which state the maximum and minimum of each interval. As a conclusion, a firm that decides to undertake a rights issue should always refer to this formal framework as a proper guidance. 1.5Problem Statement There were numerous previous researches had been conducted to examine the price reaction to announcement of rights issues in foreign country such as U.K (March, 1979), U.S (Kothare, 1991), Korea (Kim et al, 1990) and so on. However, there was only one previous similar research reported so far in Malaysia were conducted by Salamudin, Ariff and Annuar, (1999) to examine the price behaviour of seasoned equity issues on a sample of firms in main market, KLSE. Besides that, ACE Market is a new framework for listing and equity fund raising launched by KLSE in the year 2009, which has not been tested by any researcher to explore further knowledge on rights issue announcement. Thus, this study adds value to the literature by understanding the price reaction on rights issues announcement in ACE Market and to further investigation. 1.6Objectives of Study The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between stock price and rights issue announcement. Thus this study is to examine whether there is positive or negative market reaction towards rights issue announcement in ACE Market. 1.7Hypothesis Most of the previous research tha t has been done in foreign country documents a significant relationship between rights issues and market stock prices. The earliest study made by Marsden (2000) in New Zealand verified that there was a significant negative relationship between rights issues and market stock prices in New Zealand capital market. However, the finding was disproved by the further researcher Marisetty et al., (2008) examined a positive price reaction to rights issues announcement in India market. Hence, the hypothesis is proposed as below: H1: There is a significant relationship between rights issue and market stock prices. 1.8Significance of Study This study has delivered a few of important implications to shareholders and investors in ACE Market. Firstly, shareholders can benefit from the rights issues via incremental dividend payment by understanding the uses of rights issues and its effects on the stock market prices. According to Malhotra et al. (2012), rights issues can be decoded as posi tive information about a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business prospects due to a signal of the firm profitable projects has encountered. Thus, the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock price will react positively to the rights issue announcement and so increase the shareholders dividend to be received. Besides that, shareholders can also learn about perception of potential investor on rights issues through the result of positive or negative stock prices in the market in order to effectively protect their wealth. According to Salamudin et al. (1999), negative stock price reaction was due to the overvalued stock price in the market where the prevailing market stock price is higher than its intrinsic value. When investor think that the firm is overvalued which conveyed a means of issuing rights to raise cheaper funds, they will lower their assessment on market value and then causing price drop. In contrast, the positive stock price reaction was due to the market respond on the rights issue whic h conveyed an anticipated valuable investment opportunities (Cooney and Kalay,1993). Lastly, investor can earn interest from the rights issues by identifying the proper time to earn an abnormal return, whether is the time prior to, at or after the post announcement date. Based on the result found by Shamsher and Annuar (1993), investor can earn abnormal return if they sell share a month before the announcement and buy back the shares 10 days after the announcement in KLSE. The result showed provides investor a guidance to anticipate abnormal return in the future by understanding the stock price circulation in stock market. 1.9The Organization of Study Chapter One discusses about the background of stock price reaction to rights issue announcement in ACE Market and general knowledge in this field. Chapter Two reviews the previous literature review in this field. Chapter Three describes the data and sample used to conduct an empirical testing. Chapter Four discusses the result s and findings of the research and Chapter Five concludes the study.

Analysis Of The Great Gatsby And The Age Of Innocence

Erica Pauls-Ugwuibe Mrs. Wall English II PAP 17 March 2015 The Past Creates the Present â€Å"Study the past to define the future.†- Confucius Do events of the past affect an individual’s life? How important are memories of the past for people of the future? Does the past, even relate to the future at all? To figure out the answers to these questions, one has to understand the impact that past events can do to one’s future. Events in the past are essential to an individual s development and can change their perspective of life. As a matter of fact, you can see these questions being answered in Classical Literature, Modern Literature, Current Events and even Visual Rhetoric. Particularly, in the Classic Literature pieces, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and â€Å"The Age of Innocence†. In the Classic Literature, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by Scott Fitzgerald, the main character, Jay Gatsby is severely stuck in the past; everything he does in his life is directly related to the past. 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Case Study on Human Behavior in the Organization of...

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) Intramuros, Manila A Case Study on THE HUMAN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF Northgate Arinso Philippines Inc. Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate School of Management Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila In Partial Requirement of the Subject Human Behavior in Organization By: Melvin A. Irabon August, 2013 CASE STUDY ON THE HUMAN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF Nothgate Arinso Philippines Inc. I. Description of the Organization A. Nature Northgate Arinso (NGA) is a leading global Human Resources software amp; services provider offering innovative HR business solutions to employers of all sizes, including Global Fortune 500 companies and many Public Sector organizations.†¦show more content†¦B. Brief History Northgate Arinso was formed through a merger of Northgate Information Solutions, a UK-based provider of software, IT services, and HRO solutions and ARINSO, a Netherlands-based HR services provider last May 1, 2007. It began operating in Europe then expanded in America and Asia. Here are some interesting facts about NGA through time: * Ranked as market leader in Multi-Process HR Outsourcing by Everest Research, in 2011 * Rated strong positive in HR Outsourcing by Gartner in 2011 * Positioned as leader in the comprehensive HR BPO marketplace by IDC in 2011 * On February 19, 2010, NorthgateArinso completed the acquisition of Neller, an Australia-based HR amp; payroll software provider * On March 4, 2010, NorthgateArinso acquired the HRM division of Convergys C. Vision and Objectives Vision NGA’s vision is simple: they want to be the trusted partner of HR decision makers, by improving HR service delivery through smarter processes and more efficient technologies. Realizing the Vision HR is a headline issue in the media and omnipresent in society. Topics like globalization, the war on talent, demographic changes, compliance and governance impact companies’ strategies. HR Executives need to respond to these challenges by increasing the value HR contributes to the business whilst reducing the

Cuba The Decades Before Castr Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Cuba: The Decades Before Castro Cuba is an island state in the northern Caribbean. At its northernmost point, Cuba is about 100 stat mis from the southern tip of Florida. It stretches southeasterly 750 stat mis from the eastern Gulf of Mexico through the northern Caribbean and steps fifty to eighty stat mis broad ( it # 8217 ; s reasonably little ) . The highest mountains in Cuba, located in the Sierra Maestra scope in the southeasterly Oriente Province, exceed 6,000 pess. Except for three little countries, the western Lowlandss range from sea degree to merely under 600 pess in lift and cover 60 per centum of the island. This page will concentrate on Cuba before Castro, get downing with the impact of the Spanish American war. The war led to the engagement of the United States in Cuban personal businesss and authorities and the rise and autumn of Cuban presidents Machado and Batista. The Seeds of Revolution: The Spanish-American War triggered radical ideals1 in Cuba. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuba The Decades Before Castr Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This war left Cuba free of Spanish colonisation. The Cuban people thought that once the Spanish left, they would be free. Alternatively, the United States merely took Spain # 8217 ; s topographic point. The U.S. occupied the island with military force, and wanted to play a portion in the formation of the new Cuban authorities. The U.S. pressured Cuba to compose a fundamental law that gave the U.S some control over the internal personal businesss of Cuba. The Platt Amendment: In 1901, the U.S. passed the Platt amendment, naming certain conditions that Cuba had to stay by before they would be granted independency. These conditions included leting the U.S. to post naval bases on the island, and to step in in Cuban personal businesss. The Platt amendment, nevertheless, required more duty so the U.S. had anticipated. In 1905, there was an armed rebellion against the presidential term of Estrada Palma. He backed out of office, coercing the United States to put in a probationary authorities ( i.e. a military regulation backed by U.S. military personnels to maintain order ) . This La sted for two old ages under the bid of Charles Magoon, until new elections were held in 1909. America continued to step in, within commissariats of the amendment, until it was terminated in 1934. Machado and Batista: In 1924 Gerardo Machado was elected as president ; he was a violent dictator. He used the armed forces for his personal demands, which included commanding the people. In September 1933 there was a coup2. Machado was overthrown by Fulgencio Batista. After the putsch, Cuba was ruled by several work forces, but Batista was the power behind them. Batista became president in 1940 and was supported by the United States. Batista started with foreign investings, and the economic system started to turn ; Cuba became a tourer Eden. As the state prospered, Batista ruled more like a dictator. Batista stayed in power for several old ages before retiring. However he reemerged in March 1952, and overthrew the freshly elected president, Carlos Prio. Batista suspended constitutional rights, closed down the legislative assembly, and banned all political parties. This was all done without any gore. However, he shortly realized that the ground forces did non back up him ; violent assaults against his government began in July 1953 # 8212 ; it was Fidel Castro. Decision This brings us to a decision of Cuban history from about 1900 up until 1953. Every piece of Cuban history is a edifice block that comes together with all the other pieces to organize Cuba # 8217 ; s hereafter. Each of these pieces leads up to another of import subdivision of history that we have come to cognize as Castro # 8217 ; s Revolution. From this information, our group of research workers have drawn an sentiment that the United States policies seem inhumane and aggressive towards Cuba. We feel that it is against the founding ideals of America, which seeks # 8220 ; autonomy, justness, and freedom for all, # 8221 ; to handle people in this mode. Cuba is a autonomous state and non a portion of the United States of America, and she should be treated with the same diplomatic negotiations as our state demands.

King Kong Essays - King Kong, English-language Films, Skull Island

King Kong King Kong A classic adventure-fantasy film in the earlier talking films is King Kong (1933). King Kong was conceived by director/producer Merian C. Cooper. Cooper tells the story of an attractive blonde woman and a frightening gigantic ape-monster who are immersed in a Beauty and the Beast type tale. A major section of the film is the struggle on Skull Island between the filmmakers, the islanders, and the other resident of the island. The other resident being a mutant creature who must also fight civilization when it is brought to New York City for display. From the beginning of the movie, its screenplay by James Creelman and Ruth Rose foretells the coming terror. The film included many revolutionary technical innovations for its time, and some of the best stop-action animation ever sequences and special effects (by Willis O'Brien) ever captured. King Kong was a film with many wonderful sound and cinematic techniques. The filmed contained a dramatic musical score, which helped set the mood of the film. The sound effects were also unusual for films of its time. The director used different animal's sounds to create Kong's voice. The narrative of the story was one that was of interest of movie goes. In King Kong the story unfolds pretty directly in front of you so there is not a lot of confusion. To me the film is a montage not mise-en-scene. The story is told in a straightforward manner that doesn't show a lot of things through the shot itself. In this film the use of stop-motion photography was used unlike ever before to bring life to the beast. The film industry was changed quiet a bit from this motion picture. The acting and directing of the film King Kong was magnificent. In the film there are no particular weak performances. Everyone gives a rather enjoyable performance during the movie. In watching the movie I found that as it went on I just could not wait to see what would happen next, which shows the wonderful pace of the film. The director presents the beast in a way that is tragic. Towards the end of the picture you start to sympathize with the beast that is trapped upon the top of the building being fired upon by planes from above. As a director, having the skill to pull these emotions over a beast from an audience is astonishing. The people who assembled this movie did a wonderful job. There was a great amount of thought put into the production of this film. The composition of the picture is one that should be remembered by filmmakers of today. The scenes on the ship and on the island look as if they really take place there and not on a sound stage or on the back lot. The motion picture tells a tale which is believable because it is one of a man going to a strange island to shot a movie to gain wealth in America. Having hired the help of a beautiful young woman, he runs upon trouble while switching from one interesting scene to another. In the picture the beautiful Fay Ray is as stunning today as she was when the picture was first released. Many of the members of the tribe on Skull Island are represented as being true islanders unhappy of the white man's arrival on their island, just as a real tribe would be upset. While enjoying the tribal costumes I personally felt the filmmakers outfits to be a bit much. The pre- and post-production work put into this movie made it the classic that it still is today. King Kong has stood as an American classic for 6 decades and is one that will be considered to be one for 60 more. The fact that this movie's still considered a classic is due to the techniques used during filming, the acting/directing, and the hard work that went into the production. Cinema and Television

Four Generations of Chinese Leaders Essay

Four Generations of Chinese Leaders Essay Four Generations of Chinese Leaders Essay Example Four Generations of Chinese Leaders Essay Example China has experienced changes in ruling regimes that both faced difficulties and sought to solve them. The rulers experienced some achievements as well as failures, since no ruler is perfect. Some of them rose to power through fighting, while some rose through the peaceful handover of power. This paper seeks to examine the four ruling generations from 1949 to 2012 and the problems that these rulers left behind. Background of the Leaders Mao Zedong, the Chinese leader (1949-1976), was born in 1893 in a family of the wealthy agriculturalist. His political ambitions influenced his contribution to the formation of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 as well as the Red army that confronted the rival Nationalists. The two parties have forged an alliance with Japan in the World War II, which was terminated in 1949, and a civil war that led to the Mao’s rise to power emerged. Mao was replaced in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping, who ruled until 1992 when Jiang Zemin rose to power. Zemin was born in 1926 in Yangzhou Province and, after graduating from university, worked in Russia in the 1950s. He joined the Communist Party upon return, becoming a Minister of Electronic Industry in 1983. Jiang was replaced through a peaceful handing over by Hu Jintao, who ruled from 2002 to 2012. Hu Jintao was born in Jiangsu province from a poor background: however, he studied up to the university level and became an engineer in 1965. In 1980, h e was discovered by his future benefactor Song Ping who assisted him when he assumed leadership positions in the Central Party. Afterwards, he served as the deputy president from 1998 until he received the presidency in 2002. All the above leaders like any other leader had both achievements and failures in the social, economic, and political spheres, thus none of them was considered impeccable. It is, therefore, worth noting that the leaders not only improved the Chinese status, but also left some areas unaddressed. Below is a comparison of the legacy left by the four leaders in different spheres. Economic Spheres Mao Zedong’s Contribution Mao initiated economic reforms that aimed at transforming China from an agricultural to an industrial society through the Great Leap Forward of 1958-1961. He promoted the development of steel furnaces in villages and urban areas, increasing the steel production as well as providing employment opportunities outside the agricultural sector. He also collectivized agricultural production by encouraging communal farming as opposed to the individual/private farming. However, his industrialization attempts caused the Great Chinese Famine that claimed many lives. The famine resulted from the shortage of labor needed in the agricultural sector in the harvesting seasons. Accordingly, most of the workers had gone to steel production and this led to rotting of grain in farms. It is also said that the urban population at the time had consumption rights over a given amount of grain compared to the rural populations, causing the starvation for the latter. Deng Xiaoping’s Contribution Xiaoping promoted economic development through an open door policy to encourage foreign investors to invest their technology and capital into the Chinese land. This impact reduced foreign borrowing as well as boosted the domestic production rising the foreign exchange earnings. He designated several coastal towns, such as Shenzhen and Shantou, as the Special Economic Zones for receiving foreign investments and transmitting them to the interior. He also liberalized trade in the areas: hence, increasing local as well as foreign investment. Furthermore, he liberalized trade and encouraged the formation of light industries, empowering the farmers. Jiang Zemin’s Contribution Jiang Zemin promoted economic growth through improved international relations, especially with Russia and the United States. He transformed China from a centralized socialist into a capitalist market economy under government control. He also funded the Special Economic Zones as well as the coastal cities to promote economic development. He appointed Zhu Rongji as the head of the economic sector, and inluenced the rise of Gross Domestic Product value. However, it was alleged that the appointment was inspired by nepotism, because Zhu was his supporter. He was also criticized for concentrating too much on economic growth, while disregarding its implications on the environment. In addition, his developmental approach is also said to have failed in bridging the gap between the rich and the poor. Hu Jintao’s Contribution Jintao reinstated state control over some economic sectors, and this witnessed the economic growth and development of China to regain a status of a world power. His regime led China through the global financial crisis, and the country emerged victorious. He improved the infrastructure, thus promoting the Chinese image. Moreover, among the key achievements are hosting the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2010 Shanghai Expo. He also coined the Scientific Development Concept to promote the economic development of China. Additionally, he eliminated state extravagance by discarding ceremonies such as the seeing off and welcoming the president from foreign missions. Furthermore, he pursued soft power relations that encouraged international trade as well as Chinese influence in the Latin America, Africa, and other developing regions. Legal Reforms and Peace/Stability Role of Mao Zedong Maos regime modified the legislations concerning the land ownership to promote equality by transferring huge pieces of land owned by the wealthy in ranches to the landless poor. His government allocated land to the farmers, while the industrial sector remained under the state control. Private farming was replaced by collective farming that implied several households managing their farms collectively. However, the collectivization of agriculture was not fully successful, as it contributed to the Great Chinese Famine that claimed millions of lives. His regime also experienced lawlessness as militia massacred a lot of people, for instance, Xinuyang lost many people in 1960. During his regime, there was a massive destruction of property and numerous houses were demolished. The process of land reforms also led to the elimination of the previous landowners. Consequently, such regime was accused of human rights violation through the concentration camp system that imprisoning people for exce ssively long terms without proper court authorization or the right to appeal. Deng Xiaoping’s Role During his regime, Xiaoping decentralized the Chinese economy, although still upholding the socialist values. He promoted law and order to provide a good environment for trade, unlike the Maos regime`s lawlessness. He formulated laws and guidelines to direct foreign investment, and relations, which were meant for their protection, such as: Equity Joint Venture, Foreign Capital Enterprise Law, and the Chinese Corporate Ventures Law. However, the legal reforms were not quite successful, as his era tolerated elongated the same unjust imprisonment terms. Additionally, Xiaoping disregarded the issue of human rights by using excessive force in the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989, leading to a large number of deaths. Jiang Zemin’s Role Zemin contributed to the restoration of order in China by crushing the Falun Gong movement that had millions of members and was a threat to the national security. Even though his bid to uphold stability was rational, the barbaric means that entailed abuse of human rights had exceeded the necessity of order. He engaged in the imprisonment of several thousands of people and forceful re-education of the practitioners through labor. The effects of the crackdown were disastrous, taking numerous lives between 2000 and 2008. Hu Jintao’s role Jintao embraced peace and stability, adopting the use of conservative policies to eliminate social unrest, ethnic-based protests and people who posed a threat to the national security. He sought a reserved and a gentle leadership style based on consensus and dialogue, as well as politics relying on technocracy. As a consequence, this way of leadership propelled China to great heights and left the guiding trail for the future leaders. The resulting stability led to increased trade and investment that helped the country develop resilience during the global financial crisis. Cultural Revolution Mao Zedong’s Regime Mao transformed the Chinese from individualistic to a collectivist society through the repossession of the huge pieces of land owned by the nobles to the farmers. He also introduced and encouraged the steel industry that saw the increased industrialization and the consequent advancement of steel production. However, industrialization diminished labor in the agricultural sector, while collective farming led to the poor grain reservation that contributed to the Great Chinese Famine. Deng Xiaoping’s Regime Xiaoping contributed to the Cultural Revolution through the encouragement of foreign investment through the open door policy as well as the establishment of the Special Economic Zones to facilitate the transfer of capital and investment from the coast to the interior. He also developed the infrastructure such as roads and ports to promote trade. Additionally, he decentralized the economy to encourage technological transfer. His focus on exports helped him encourage the establishment of light industries as well as trade liberalization. He reversed the collectivization of agriculture and encouraged household responsibility by dividing the communal land among farmers, thus empowering the peasants. In addition, he encouraged the growth of cash crops and the establishment of private business. Jiang Zemin’s Regime Zemin promoted Cultural Revolution by changing the Chinese centralized socialist into a capitalist market economy regulated by the government. He introduced the theory of the Three Represents that was to guide the country towards the economic production, cultural development, and political consensus. The theory called for the introduction of capitalist business, the shift from protecting the poor to the focus of the majority, and the rise of the entrepreneurial class. Hu Jintao’s Regime Jintao contributed to the Cultural Revolution by promoting equality in the socioeconomic spheres through the Scientific Development Concept aimed at creating a harmonious socialist society free from social strife and conflicts. In addition, he strengthened the spirit of the Republic by identifying some evils and encouraging people as well as leaders to avoid them. These vices included doing harm to the country, betraying the people, perpetuating ignorance, indolence, exploiting others, lawlessness, and luxurious lives. Corruption and Wastage of Public Funds Upon his rise to power, Xi Jinping acknowledged the challenge of corruption and his need, therefore, to formulate rules to curb the vice as well as the wastage of public funds during the official activities. He targeted those perpetuating the malicious acts from the smallest to the highest office. In detail, early in his first term, he embarked on prosecuting some officials such as the former vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission as well as the security chief of the Politburo Standing Committee and the chief aide to the former president Hu Jintao. The campaign was the biggest in the history of the contemporary China, thus proving the intensity of the matter. Legal Reforms The legal system requires adjustment to facilitate the rule of law in China. The judicial processes are perceived as ineffective in the delivery of justice, and the major causes are; corruption, lack of oversight, and the interference of the local government. These issues require increased constitutional role in the judicial system and processes in order to restore justice and a good image both in the eyes of the public and the international actors. China has undergone several transitions of power, both violent and peaceful. The respective leaders have contributed both positively and negatively to the economic sector, Cultural Revolution, legal reforms. Among the key achievements are industrialization and collectivization of agriculture in the Mao era that boosted steel production as well as triggered a devastating famine. Xiaoping also improved the economy through an open door policy to promote foreign change, but his legal reforms failed, especially his reaction to the Tiananmen protests. Jiang Zemins regime boosted the GDP, but he was accused of promoting nepotism by appointing his allies more beneficial jobs. Additionally, he could not bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. Hu Jintao is hailed for promoting economic development and restoring China in a status of world power. He, however, did not solve the menace of corruption, influencing negatively his successors regime.

Essay on Critical Psychology and its critics on the four mainstream

On Critical Psychology and its critics on the four mainstream psychology approaches - Essay Example These mainstream approaches are most commonly taught in universities and colleges and more often used by clinicians and researchers in explaining human behaviour (Prilleltensky & Fox, 1997, p.4). The behaviourist or behaviourism approach is concerned mainly with observable behaviour as opposed to unseen emotions like feelings or thoughts. This approach believes that behaviour manifests as a response to a stimulus. It also believes that our behaviour is largely determined by our environment (Simply Psychology, n.d.). The humanistic approach emphasizes on the importance of studying consciousness and human experience in order to completely explain behaviour. It highlights the importance of â€Å"more individualistic and idiographic methods of study, particularly in the areas of personality and abnormality† (Walker, n.d). It also focuses on the value of responsibility and freedom of choice. The cognitive approach in psychology focuses on our thought processes, how we think-and how such thought processes affect our behaviour (Psychologist World, 2008). This approach focuses on using the scientific approach in explaining human behaviour. â€Å"Cognitive†¦ psychologists attempt to create rules and explanations of human behaviour and eventually generalize them to everyones behaviour† (Psychologist World, 2008). The psychodynamic approach was popularized by several psychologists. Sigmund Freud founded this approach which â€Å"emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behaviour† (Wagner, 2008a). He believed that the mind was composed of three elements: id, ego, and superego. Erik Erickson’s approach was also classified as psychodynamic. He expanded on Freud’s theories and emphasized the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. These mainstream approaches to psychology have been criticized by various practitioners, especially by emerging critical psychologists. They believe that mainstream

An essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

An - Essay Example The argument of associating some people with one thing and others with a different thing is not pro-music. This article highlights an individual’s strive to achieve something that many people could only dream of back in the history addressed in the article. The move to engage in rock even when expected not to breaks the usual and points out to the possibility of achieving something unusual. From a neutral point of view, however, black or white does not make bad or good. The most important factor to consider is the interest, drive, and motive behind that music genre. What this means is that both black and white people cannot do whatever and be whomever they want by putting the racial factor aside. The result would be a harmonized society where the dreams, interests, talents, and goals of an individual overrule one’s racial or cultural background. The author makes a significant statement in the article, which notes, â€Å"Listening to rock felt like sneaking past guards of racial barriers† (Douglas, 2013). In light of this statement, it is evident that race, culture, and music are critically intertwined. The statement implies that rock music is not a black people’s thing. The truth of the matter, however, is that music and music genres have no racial boundaries. The misconception therein follows social events that sought to define who does what and why. Such misconceptions and stereotypes only stand to derail musical progress among racial differentials. Music is an art without boundaries. In other words, it should be defined in words that go beyond racial concerns. The white or black factor should not feature anywhere as far as rock is concerned. In light of this article, there is notable difference between the time referred to in the article and today. Back then, racial profiling and potential segregation were evident. Today, however, majority of people have become

How calcium is absorbed in the body Essay Example for Free

How calcium is absorbed in the body Essay Calcium in the diet of a teenager is actively absorbed in the small intestine and transferred into the intestinal capillaries. Describe the route this calcium would follow to end up in the upper arm. Describe in detail the role of calcium at the neuromuscular junction as well as its role in the mechanism of muscle contraction and relaxation of the triceps. Considering the function of calcium in bone growth, explain in detail how the humerus would grow in length. Calcium in the diet of a teenager is absorbed in the small intestine and transferred to the intestinal capillaries. It diffuses into the bloodstream through the gastric vein into the hepatic vein and then through the common iliac vein into the superior/inferior vena cava that brings the blood into the right atrium of the heart. The sinoatrial node which is located in the right atrial wall, would send an electrical impulse through the heart, causing it to contract. This would then trigger the AV node (which is located between the septum between two atria) to contract as well. When the AV node contracts it sends an impulse through the AV bundle and into the purkinje fibers (which in return causes the entire heart to contract). After going through the right atrium, when the heart contracts it opens up the tricuspid valve, therefore pushing the calcium into the right ventricle. When the heart contracts again (SA node contracts again through AV bundle and purkinje fibers) it causes the pulmonary semilunar valve to open and enters the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries which then brings the blood into the lungs. Then it goes through a systemic loop (the tissue capillaries of the lungs) , which takes the now oxygenated blood and returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins from the lungs. Then from the pulmonary veins the blood enters the left atrium (SA node will contract, causing AV node to contract, sending impulse through the AV bundle, ending at the purkinje fibers) and calcium forces through the bicuspid valve, and into the left ventricle. Then the heart contracts, and (SA node/AV node/AV bundle/purkinje fibers) causing contraction and blood travels through the aortic valve and then into the aorta. From the aorta, the calcium in the blood goes into the right and left subclavian artery and branches down to the axillary artery, and then towards the bra chial artery. From the brachial artery, the oxygenated blood containing calcium in it, goes to the muscles of the upper arm (the brachii muscles) and gives nutrients to the tissue cells. Calcium plays an important role in muscle contraction. Firstly, an action potential arriving at the acon triggers the release of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACH) at the neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine (ACH) binds with the muscle receptor and sodium ions (Na+) are released, which triggers the action potential in the muscle cell. The action potential transmits through the sarcolemma. The calcium (Ca+) ions are then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ions bind with troponin (making it change shape) which makes the troponin release tropomyosin. The myosin then binds to the actin. With the hydrolysis of ATP the myosin head changes shape and a cross-bridge is formed causing the muscle cell to contract. This cycle repeats itself until the contraction is done, or when there is nor more calcium or ATP energy. Once the triceps muscle is relaxed then the calcium gets back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. During relaxation of muscle cells, the level of calcium in sarcoplasm is low and the troponin holds the tropomyosin in position to block myosin-binding sites on actin. During contraction of the muscle cells, a muscle action potential opens calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the calcium flows into the cytosol. The growth of bones can happen through two different types of ossification which include: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. The process for the growth of a long bone like the humerus, the process of endochondral ossification is used. This takes place on the epiphyseal plate (made from remaining hyaline cartilage) in the metaphysis area of the bone. There are four zones on the epiphyseal plate: a) the resting zone which contains the chondrocytes, b) the zone of proliferation where the chondrocytes divide and push the resting cartilage outwards, c) the zone of hypertrophic cartilage where the chondrocytes enlarge and lengthen the diaphysis, d) Zone of calcification- where dead chondrocytes and new one matrix is created. At the end of the growth period, the epiphyseal plates  are completely ossified and the epiphyseal plates close around the age from 18-25. The epiphyseal plates then become the epiphyseal lines. The calcium is a necessary dietary requirement for proper bone growth, development in the body, and to prevent bone deterioration or an example of a disease called osteoporosis.

Delaying Childbearing: Why it is Important to Have Children While in Co

Like many other women, I was raised in a family that repetitively told me that I needed to finish school before thinking about getting married, and definitely before having kids. This made sense when I became an adult, why not put all my focus into my schooling. Yet, for me that would mean that I would be in my early thirties when I finished school. This has become the norm for women to marry and have children in there 30s, then in years past, where they were in their early to mid-twenties. After completing my first bachelor’s degree, I got engaged; I was in a perfect place, and I was not going to hold off just so I could finish school. Now that I have been married for two years, successfully working and going to school, starting a family is important to me. If I were to follow what my parents told me, from this day, I would still have to wait 4-5 more years to finish school, and then start that family. Even though having kids in college could keep your from completing a degr ee, you should have children in college because delaying childbearing could affect fertility and the likelihood of pregnancy complications. College is perceived as a time for young adults to have fun, and having children before or during college would provide an obstacle of completing a college education. Four million college students have children, which is roughly 25 percent of all enrolled college students (Nelson, Froehner, and Gault 1). Although this is a large number, many students would prefer to focus on themselves. Today women face the dilemma of if they even would want to have children. Focuses on getting a degree, and starting a career is ever so important for many women to create their lives on. Waiting until you are settled in your career puts ... ...n in school has many problems, as well as advantages. First, the obvious reason is that having kids in college is a financial burden, along with the stresses of maintaining family life with college life. Secondly, many students that do have children while in school, unfortunately, do not finish their degree. Works Cited Balasch, Juan, and Eduard Gratacà ³s. "Delayed Childbearing: Effects On Fertility And The Outcome Of Pregnancy." Fetal Diagnosis & Therapy 29.4 (2011): 263-273. EBSCO MegaFILE. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. Cnattingius, Sven, et al. "Delayed childbearing and risk of adverse perinatal outcome: a population-based study." Jama 268.7 (1992): 886-890. Nelson, Bethany, Meghan Froehner, and Barbara Gault. College Students with Children Are Common and Face Many Challenges in Completing Higher Education. Mar: Institute For Women's Policy Research, Mar. 2013. PDF.

Contrasting both Kant and Aristotle’s views Essay

Aristotelian philosophy, some two thousand three hundred years old, is perhaps one of the most influential philosophies in history. After being preserved by Arab scholars during the fall of Rome, the teachings of Aristotle were found by Christians during the dark ages. His works, including Nichomachean Ethics, were of great influence to many Christian philosophers during medieval times, but soon philosophies began to shift, marking the conception of the Enlightenment. Philosophy took a drastic shift from predominantly substantive reason to procedural views, markedly seen in works by philosophers St. Augustine, Rene Descartes, and quite notably Immanuel Kant. By comparing the views shared by Aristotle in Nichomachean Ethics, and Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals it is possible to better understand the shift from substantive to procedural reasoning. Although Aristotelian philosophy and logic shares some common ground with the writings of Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals marks a shift from society and substantive thinking toward the self and procedural reason. Kant believes that each living organism serves a purpose. For example, the highest purpose of a honey bee is undoubtedly to produce honey. Much in the same sense, Kant feels that because humans alone are given the ability to reason that the highest purpose of humanity is to use reason. (Groundwork, Ch. 1, Ln. 50-80) Aristotle would agree with this statement but uses a different logic. Aristotle sees an intrinsic good within every action, as well a hierarchy of goods and actions. Using the logic that any action partaken for the purpose of some greater cause is secondary to the greater cause, Aristotle reasons that for humans, the act of reasoning is of the greatest â€Å"good† because all other actions exist only to maintain the ability to reason. (NE, Bk.1 Pg. 1-2) Between these two philosophies, the purpose of human reason differs based on what each philosopher believes to be the function of humanity within society. Aristotle states that because happiness is the ultimate goal of nearly all human actions (especially within what he considers one of the most important realms of humanity: political science) the purpose of  humanity, and thus human reason, is to find happiness. (NE, Bk.1 Pg. 4) Kant, on the other hand, feeling that to succumb to the needs of the body and desires (what he calls heteronomy) is selfish, feels that it is the responsibility of humanity to use its reason to act out of â€Å"good will.† (Groundwork, Ch. 1, Ln. 3-5) Exemplifying the procedural nature of Kant’s logic, Kant feels that it is the duty of humanity to act only out of good will by using reason to determine what Kant calls the categorical imperative. Kant defines the categorical imperative as an act of good will which is preformed with no considera tion to the ends, or consequences of an action. (Groundwork, Ch. 2, Ln. 280-300) In the world of Aristotelian philosophy, the only way to truly attain the end goal of happiness is to be virtuous. (NE, Bk.1 Pg. 4) To define virtue Aristotle looks to society’s views of an individual. People praise a brave man for being brave and strong man for his ability to run quickly or lift great objects. (NE, Bk.1 Pg. 4) Because of the importance of society within Aristotle’s thinking, he feels that for a person to truly be virtuous, society must perceive desirable characteristics within that person and recognize those characteristics through praise. To illustrate and explain his organization of virtues and what is required of them, Aristotle uses the final paragraph of book one in Nicomachean Ethics: â€Å"Virtue too is distinguished into kinds in accordance with this difference; for we say that some of the virtues are intellectual and others moral, philosophic wisdom and understanding and practical wisdom being intellectual, liberality and temperance moral. For in speaking about a man’s character we do not say that he is wise or has understanding but that he is good-tempered or temperate; yet we praise the wise man also with respect to his state of mind; and of states of mind we call those which merit praise virtues.† -Aristotle, (NE, Book 1, Final Paragraph) Unlike Aristotle, Kant finds goodness not in the views of society, but instead finds goodness by turning inward and looking individual within one’s self and their exertion of good will. Kant feels that to express good will, an individual must use what he calls a priori reason. (Groundwork, Ch. 2,  Ln. 280-300) A priori reason requires that the individual ignores subjective influences like consequences and circumstances. By focusing on objective means like morality and reason Kant suggests that the individual attempting to exert good will should act in a way that he or she would consider a moral maxim (categorical imperative). Kant thinks we must ignore the norms of society and the way society functions and act only using a priori reason because society inherently cannot function in an a priori fashion. This is because society takes into account its own needs, desires, and calculates the consequences of its own actions while placing all of these things over pure reason and good will. By taking into consideration circumstances and consequences society fails to create universal moral law and thus contradicts its own reasoning because the actions of society are not appropriate in all situations and circumstances. (Groundwork, Ch. 2, Ln. 580-590) Should a man in need of money to buy food borrow money from a lending institution knowing that he will not be able to pay that institution back? Kant argues that that man should not, for if his decision were to become universal law and every man or woman were to borrow money without the intention of paying it back than lending institutions would fail. (Groundwork, Ch. 2, Ln. 590-605) Aristotle, believing that society can teach its citizens to be virtuous (and thus happy), finds that virtues are not found intrinsically within each individual. For a person to be virtuous he must be born to a respectable family, for he were not born into respect then he would never be viewed by society with the same esteem as others. He must also not have any major disfigurations, for these too would lead to a lower value within society. Assuming these conditions are met, the individual may then begin to practice virtuous actions, because through habituation virtuous actions can become the nature of that individual, and that through practice an individual may grow to perform virtuous acts not out of desire to be virtuous, but because he simply enjoys the virtuous acts. Only if the individual finds pleasure in performing virtuous actions may that person be seen as virtuous within the eyes of society, for if pleasure is the end goal of humanity, then surely the enjoyment of virtuous a cts is worthy of praise from society. After outlining and discussing both Kant and Aristotle’s views on the purpose of humanity, its role within society and the moral and ethical consequences to those roles it is clear that Kant’s thinking is representative of enlightenment thinking. Before the Enlightenment Aristotle’s views were widely accepted. During this time it was customary that each person function in a manner accepted by society. Ethics and morality were dictated by social norms. The purpose of reason was seen as the pursuit of pleasure, and through virtue and the practice of virtuous actions reason could allow the individual to attain the end goal of life: happiness. In response to Aristotle’s logic, a shift in thought occurs. This shift, called the Enlightenment, is represented by the belief that only pure reason can lead to true morality. The consequences of this belief is that individuals no longer focused on the norms within society to dictate morality, but to look within themselves to use their own reasoning to dictate what should and should not be done. An example of this thinking can be found in Kant’s beliefs about a priori reason and the categorical imperative. By ignoring consequences within society, as well as the ends attained by each possible action Kant feels each individual can find true moral goodness through pure reason. This type of procedural logic is representative of the moral and ethical â€Å"turn inward† which exemplifies Kant’s philosophy as well as the revolutionary shift thinking that became the basis of the Enlightenment.

Islamic Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2141 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Act Essay Islam Essay Did you like this example? Paternity under Islamic Law The paternity of a child can be established through marriage, acknowledgement and evidence under the Islamic law in Malaysia. Paternity of a child should be established in order to determine his or her status as a legitimate child or an illegitimate child. Thus, when a child is born, it is important that his legitimacy is assured so that his rights such as right to maintenance, custody and inheritance can be established. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Law" essay for you Create order The provision for legitimacy of a child can be found in the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 (IFLA). First of all, the paternity of a child can be determined through marriage. All elements of marriage must be fulfilled and most importantly, the marriage must be valid. There must also be consummation of marriage for legitimacy of a child to be fully established. The paternity of a child should not be determined through the resemblance of physical features between the husband and the child. The Shafii school of thoughts and s 110 of IFLA[1] provided that where a child is born to a woman who is married to her husband after six months from the date of marriage or within 4 years after the dissolution of marriage and the mother having not remarried, the paternity of the child is belongs to the husband. The paternity of a child will not be established in the man if the child is born within the six months period of the marriage. The husband may either by way of lian to disclaim the child if he strongly believes that the child does not belong to him or he may allege that the child is his and but is not as the result of fornication. The jurists of the Islamic Jurisprudence interpreted the six months period from their understanding based on surah 46: 15 and surah 31:14 of the Holy Quran. Surah 46:15 stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the carrying of the child to his weaning is a period of thirty monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  while surah 31:14 stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in travail upon travail did his mother bear him, and in years twain was his weaningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hence, by subtracting the two years which is equivalent to 24 months as stated in the second verse from 30 months which is stated in the first verse, the jurists get 6 months which is the minimum period for a baby to be delivered out from his or her motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s womb. In Salim v Masiah,[2] the respondent and appellant were married on 6 October 1968 and divorced on 19 November 1968. The child, Maimon was subsequently born on 2 June 1969. The respondent claimed for the maintenance for her child while the appellants alleged that the respondent was already pregnant at the time of marriage. The Kadi gave judgment in favour of the wife and stated that the child was born after six months after their marriage. The appeal was dismissed subsequently. In instances where a woman remarries and subsequently gives birth to a child within the period of six months of remarriage, the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s paternity is as of the first husband. The child will only be ascribed to the second husband if the woman gives birth to the child after the period of six months from the time of consummate with the second husband. Where the husband had accused the wife of fornication or zina, the husband must bring in 4 witnesses and if he fails to do so, he must take the oaths as prescribed in surah 24:6-7 as stated in the Q uran. If the wife denied the accusation, she must also take the oaths as prescribed in surah 24:8-9 of the Quran. As a result of such oath, the woman will not be subjected to zina punishment and the child will be legally fatherless. The child will have no right to inherit any estate of the father and vice versa. S 111[3] stated that the paternity of the child shall not be affiliated in the man where a child is born more than 4 years after the dissolution of marriage unless he or his heirs alleged that the child belongs to him. S 112[4] described that where a woman, not having remarried, upon completion of her iddah period and subsequently give birth to a child, the paternity of the child should not be affiliated to her husband unless the child was born less than four years from the date of the termination of their marriage. S113[5] provide the child which is born as a result of syubhah intercourse will not be considered as illegitimate child but instead the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â €ž ¢s paternity shall be affiliated to the man. Syubhah intercourse is the sexual intercourse between a man and a woman whom both of them believe that they are lawfully married and lawfully declared as husband and wife which is later proven otherwise. The child shall remain legitimate if the woman had give birth to the child between the periods of six months to four years after the intercourse. Secondly, the paternity of a child may also be determined through acknowledgement. S114[6] provides that when a man had either expressly or impliedly acknowledges another as his lawful child, the paternity of the child shall be established in the man. However, there are 7 conditions that need to be fulfilled by the man in order to declare that the child indeed belong to him. First, there should be no other people that had established the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s paternity in him. This means that there should be no one else other than him that claims the child was theirs. Second, the age of the man and the child are such that filial relationship is possible between them. For example, there should be a difference of at least 15 years of age gap between the father and the child. If the age gap is narrow, it is possible that the child will disrespect the father or treated him as his brother. Thus, bigger large gap is important to establish the respect and filial between the father and child. Third, if the child is of discreet age of understanding the nature and surrounding circumstance, he should has acquiesced or agree with the acknowledgement. The child must agree that the man who intended to acknowledge him as his lawful child to be his legal father for the rest of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. Fourth, the man and the mother of the child could have been lawfully joined in marriage when it was begotten. There shall not be any proof that there were no lawful marriage between the man and the mother of the child which will affect the presumption of legitimacy o f the child. Fifth, the acknowledgment should not be only merely son-ship but that the child is his legitimate child which was a result of the consummation of marriage between the man and the mother of the child. He must not just merely acknowledge the existence of the child but also the kinship between both of them. Sixth, the man must be a competent person and have the legal capacity to enter into a contract. Any contract entered by a minor shall be deem void. Under the Shafii school of thoughts, a minority age for a male is below 15 years old. Thus, a 14 years old boy does not have the capacity to enter into the marriage contract. Seventh, the man who acknowledges must have the true intention of affirming the status of legitimacy of the child or acknowledgement of the child is definite to be the child of his body. In other words, he must have the confidence that the child is reproduced from his sperm and the ovum of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mother and the child is part of him. S115[7] provides that the presumption of paternity through acknowledgement can be rebutted in a few ways. First is by the disclaimer on the part of the person acknowledged. The presumption may also be rebutted where it is proven that the proximity of age between the man and the child would render the filial relationship impossible. This usually happens when the age gap between the man and the child is too narrow. Other than that, the presumption may also be rebutted where it is proven that the child in fact belongs to other person or the child is the result of consummation marriage of some other person with the mother of the child. It is also rebuttable where there is proof that man who intended to acknowledge the child could not possibly be the lawful husband of the mother of the child at the time when the child could have been conceived. S116[8] provides acknowledgment by a woman in iddah shall not ascribe the paternity of the child to her husband unless this acknowl edgment is affirmed by him or by evidence. S117[9] provided that the acknowledgment of the child who acknowledged another as his parent shall constitute a valid relationship of kinship in condition the filial relationship is possible between them. S118[10] provided that acknowledgment other than as a child or parent shall not affect any other person except he affirms the acknowledgement. By virtue of S119[11], the acknowledgement shall become irrevocable once it has been made in respect of paternity or relationship. Lastly, paternity of a child can be determined through evidence. This happens when the husband is in doubt on the paternity of the child which was delivered by his wife when he was away for a short period of time. The wife may bring two females as evidence to prove her innocence. However, as the society has kept developing, the type of evidence to be proof also evolved. Most people prefer to use DNA test in proving the paternity of the child. DNA test is more accurate in proving the genetic relationship between the biological father and the child. There are cases where newborn babies are mix-up in hospitals and DNA test has easily proof the paternity of the child. This may also serve as strong evidence when there are two people acknowledging the paternity of the child. [1] Section 110 of Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where a child is born to a woman who is married to a man more than six qamariah months from the date of the marriage or within four qamariah years after dissolution of the marriage either by the death of the man or by divorce, the woman not having remarried, the nasab or paternity of the child is established in the man, but the man may, by way of lià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢an or imprecation, disavow or disclaim the child before the court. [2] (1976) 2 JH 296 [3] Section 111 of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where a child is born more than four qamariah years after the dissolution of the marriage either by the death of the man or by divorce, the paternity of the child shall not be established in the man unless he or any of his heirs asserts that the child is his issue. [4] Section 112 of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where a woma n, not having remarried, makes a declaration that the period of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"iddah has been completed, whether the period is for death or divorce, and she is subsequently delivered of a child, the paternity of the child shall not be ascribed to her husband unless the child was born less than four qamariah years from the date of the dissolution of the marriage either by the death of the husband or by divorce. [5] Section 113 of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where a man has syubhah sexual intercourse with a woman, and she is subsequently delivered of a child between the period of six qamariah months to four qamariah years after the intercourse, the paternity of the child be ascribed to the man. [6] Section 114 of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 [7] Section 115 of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 [8] Section 116 of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where the ackn owledgor is a woman who is married or who is observing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"iddah, the paternity of the person acknowledged shall not be ascribed to her husband unless her acknowledgment is confirmed by him or by evidence. [9] Section 117 of Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where a person acknowledges another as his father or mother, the acknowledgement, if assented to or confirmed by the acknowledgee,, whether during the lifetime or after the decease of the acknowledgor, shall constitute a valid relationship, in so far as the parties themselves are concerned, provided that the ages of the acknowledgor and the acknowledge are such that filial relationship is possible between them. [10] Section 118 of Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 states that where a person acknowledges another as a relation other than as a son, mother, or father, the acknowledgment shall not affect any other person unless that other person confirms the acknowledge ment. [11] Section 119 of Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984